{"id":116,"date":"2017-04-13T00:14:42","date_gmt":"2017-04-13T00:14:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/?page_id=116"},"modified":"2017-04-13T00:14:42","modified_gmt":"2017-04-13T00:14:42","slug":"nutrition-feedback","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/nutrition-feedback\/","title":{"rendered":"Nutrition Feedback"},"content":{"rendered":"

RS300
\nQuiz
\n11-12-99<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All ruminants have a selective delay mechanism that limits the amount of feed they can eat in one day. That means a \u00a0 sheep’s total voluntary intake varies little throughout the year (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true .\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

8. Metabolic requirements (MR), per unit of body size, of large animals are MR for small body-size animals. (a) greater than (b) lessor than<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ruminants have three, forestomachs and one true stomach. (a) true<\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0 Elk (ruminants) are bulk limited, i.e., total intake (g\/day) is constrained by a selective delay of particles escaping the rumen.\u00a0 Total voluntary intake of a ruminant is quite independent of forage quality. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span>(d) false-true.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0 The amount a non-ruminant eats is independent of physiological requirements, for example, lactation [milk production]. (a) true<\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

13.\u00a0 TDN [Total Digestible nutrients] is an estimate of the available energy content of a food. The procedure to determine TDN is basically a acid-base hydrolysis. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span>(d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

14.\u00a0 Microbes secrete extra cellular enzymes to break down cellulose and\/or hemi-cellulose. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical extraction that represent the fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

15.\u00a0 Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

16.\u00a0 Ruminant animals do not have a dietary<\/u> need for fat or water soluble vitamins [exceptions include Carotene (Vitamin A), because it cannot be stored for extended periods of time; and D, if animals not exposed to sunlight]. Ruminant animals do not have a need for trace minerals.(a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

RS300<\/span>
\nQuiz<\/span>
\n11-15-99<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Volatile fatty acids (the end-product of microbial fermentation) are the primary energy source for ruminant herbivores. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Volatile fatty acids (the end-product of microbial fermentation) are the only source of energy source for herbivores with a cecum. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A reasonable range of crude protein values (percent) for graminoids (grasses) might be (a) 0 to 4 (b) 45 to 70 (c) 3 to 25<\/span> (d) 16 to 42<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If no other data were available, 2 percent of body weight would be a reasonable estimate of the daily dry matter intake of a free grazing<\/span> animal, ruminant or non-ruminant. (a) true (b) true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ruminants have a selective delay mechanism that limits the amount of feed they can eat in one day. A ewe supporting 2 lambs would eat<\/span> more dry matter per day than one supporting 1 lamb. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cellulose and hemi-cellulose cannot be broken down by enzymes. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical chemical extraction<\/span> that represent the total fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Browse is typically higher in crude protein at the end of the growing season than grass. Browse is typically higher in phosphorus and<\/span> Carotene at the end of the growing season than grass. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Digestible energy content of big sagebrush can be high, e.g., 65% DE. Yet, if offered only a diet of sagebrush, a sheep would die of<\/span> malnutrition. Why? (don’t use the word palatable in your response)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Because sagebrush is high in “essential oils.” The compounds are absorbed [digested], but not utilized.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Grasses that grow under conditions conducive to production of large amounts of biomass are composed of _____________ fiber than <\/span>those grown under conditions conducive to production of less biomass.(a) more<\/span> (b) less<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0 Rate of passage of dry matter in animals without a rumen digestion system is generally slower than in those with a rumen digestion<\/span> system.\u00a0 Extent of digestion of medium to low quality dry matter or energy is less in a non-ruminant than a ruminant. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0\u00a0 Microbes secrete extra-cellular enzymes to break down cellulose and\/or hemi-cellulose. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical<\/span> extraction that represent the fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0 Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

13.\u00a0\u00a0 Proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. (a) true <\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

14.\u00a0\u00a0 Ruminants require a balance of amino acids in the diet. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

15.\u00a0\u00a0 Leaves of nearly all forages have higher crude protein, phosphorus and cell contents, and lower fiber and lignin levels than those of stems.<\/span> (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

16.\u00a0\u00a0 Persistent leaves tend to have more anti-quality compounds than deciduous leaves. (a) true<\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Deciduous leaves also have anti-quality compounds.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

17.\u00a0\u00a0 I completed a metabolism trial on grass hay fed to bighorn sheep. The digestion coefficient was 88%. (a) that is within the range I would<\/span> expect (b) The value is comparatively low (c) the value is comparatively high<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

18.\u00a0\u00a0 I received an analysis of a sample of forage collected via an esophageally cannulated cow. The NDF was 63%.(a) that is within the range I <\/span><\/span>would expect<\/span> (b) The value is comparatively low (c) the value is comparatively high<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

19.\u00a0\u00a0 Crude fiber is a common source of energy for all mammals. Amino acids represent nutritional entities of a plant. (a) true-true (b) false-false <\/span>(c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

20.\u00a0\u00a0 Animals choose foods based on the nutritional value of the food. Animals select foraging locations based on value of food in that area.<\/span> (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

21.\u00a0\u00a0 On self-organization. Behavior by consequences. The order and behavior of systems emerge from their own functioning, not from that of<\/span> their surroundings, and the system’s functional integrity is the variable that is maintained. Self-organizing systems create order out of<\/span> chaos without need to invoke external intervention or goals. There are no inputs or outputs in a self-organizing system – no distinctions<\/span> between antecedents and consequences – merely circular arrangements of functionally connected components. Hierarchies of organization<\/span> and high level goals reflect the observer’s logic, not the system’s functioning, and constructions regarding causation are merely metaphors<\/span> of control…that reflect the theorist’s framework of assumptions as well as the limitations imposed by observational methods. So, in the<\/span> grand scheme of evolutionary fitness, would you rather be optimal or adaptive? Just something to think about. Sign up for RS352 or<\/span> RS552. We’ll discuss it some more.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n

RS300<\/span>
\nQuiz<\/span>
\n11-29-99<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

X.\u00a0 Managers use 3 ideas to direct succession.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Manage soil nutrients<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Manage species colonization<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Manage species performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As long as G > D, the main concern of the managers is total available dry matter.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 That does not necessarily imply absolute requirement is met in relation to the genetic potential of the animal. Under free-grazing<\/span> conditions “you take what you can get.” Of course, one of the challenges of the manager to create a designer landscape that most closely<\/span> produces nutrients that meet a target animal’s needs.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nutritional content of all plants on an area must be above the animal’s requirement in order for the animal to meet its nutritional needs.<\/span> (a) true(b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The challenge of the free-grazing animal is to find enough of those high quality nutrients to mix with more abundant lower quality<\/span> nutrients to still meet their need.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One method to regulate and\/or insure animals can meet nutritional requirements to complete different components of the life cycle is to<\/span> manipulate herbage allowance. How is herbage allowance expressed?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lb\/AUD or multiples of intake per AUD<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n

RS300<\/span>
\nQuiz<\/span>
\n12-01-99<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

X Managers use 3 ideas to direct succession.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 manages soil nutrients<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 manages colonization<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 manages individual species performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As long as G > D, the main concern of the managers is total available dry matter. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nutritional content of all plants on an area must be above the animal’s requirement in order for the animal to meet its nutritional needs.<\/span> (a) true(b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One method to regulate and\/or insure animals can meet nutritional requirements to complete different components of the life cycle is to<\/span> manipulate herbage allowance. How is herbage allowance expressed?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pounds\/Animal Unit Day or in multiples of intake per AUD<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCKING RATE, ANIMAL PERFORMANCE, RISK AND ECONOMICS<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The rational manager of a wildlife population, for example bighorn sheep, would manage population levels in such a way as to maximize<\/span> reproductive rates. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Would require harvesting to maintain very low populations. That level of harvesting impact genetic diversity and put the herd in peril if a<\/span> disease outbreak.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The rationale livestock producer would have a strategy to stock at a level that produces the maximum output of red meat per acre. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No, because net return would be less than some lower stocking rate. The statement might be true if no variable costs.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The rationale livestock producer would have a strategy to stock at a level that results in a level of individual animal performance that<\/span> approaches genetic potential. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Would make no since, because adding animals would continue to increase net return up to some point.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0 Note the graph above. The rationale livestock producer would have a strategy to stock at the level where the average daily gain response<\/span> curve and the gain per area response curve intersect. (a) true(b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The intersecting point is meaningless; depends on scale of dependent variables.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the animal at risk when livestock concentration is high and >80% of the food contains nutrients in concentration greater than<\/span> requirements for that component of the life cycle? (a) almost certainly (b) no, only if they are forced to stay on the area too long<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As the cost of operating increases, the rationale manager would increase stocking rate in order to cover additional expenses. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No, the rationale manager would decrease stocking rate. Granted, would be less total revenue, but maximum possible would happen at<\/span> lower stocking rate.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n

RS300
\nTake home
\n12-08-99 (12-10-99)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The greater the amount of ungrazed forage at the end of the season, (a) the higher<\/u><\/span> (b) the lower<\/u> average daily performance of the animal.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In an economic production system, a rancher would always stock at a level to insure maximum output of red meat per acre. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which has the greatest influence on stocking decisions in an economic system? (a) fixed costs (b) variable costs<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Fixed costs do not enter the stocking rate decision….Why?<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The stocking rate (SR) that produces the greatest net return ($) will always be (a) > the SR that maximizes offtake (b) < the SR that maximizes offtake (c) >the SR that maximizes individual animal performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which would have the greatest impact on stocking decisions? (a) selling price (b) variable costs (c) neither – equal impact<\/span><\/span> (d) neither – irrelevant<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

In fact, it can shown the ratio of VC\/SP is directly related to choosing the optimal stocking rate<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Volatile fatty acids (the end-product of microbial fermentation) are the primary energy source for ruminant herbivores. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The leaves of most forages have higher crude protein, phosphorus and cell contents and lower fiber and lignin levels than those of stems. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Elk (ruminants) are bulk limited, i.e., total intake (g\/day) is constrained by a selective delay of particles escaping the rumen. Total voluntary intake of a ruminant is independent of physiological status. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Grasses that grow under conditions conducive to large biomass production have (a) more<\/u><\/span> (b) less<\/u> fiber content than those grown under conditions conducive to less biomass production.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0 Metabolic requirements are directly proportional to body size (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Metabolic requirements for what? I was thinking energy when I wrote the question. Requirements are proportional to body weight raised to the 0.75 power.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n

11.\u00a0\u00a0 Rate of passage in large-bodied ruminants is generally slower than in small-bodied ruminants. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0 Cellulose is an example of a nutritive entity. A nutrient is a molecule or compound needed to sustain life. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

13.\u00a0\u00a0 Most plants are extremely susceptible to grazing. Deer response to grazing pressure or stocking rate is fundamentally different from sheep response to grazing pressure. (a) true-true (b) true-false (c) false-true (d) false-false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

14.\u00a0\u00a0 According to the empirical, graphical representation of offtake (lb\/acre) to stocking rate (AUMs per acre), each additional AUM, beyond a critical number, results in an incremental accumulation of offtake at a decreasing rate to some maximum, then declines at an increasing rate. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

15.\u00a0\u00a0 Volatile fatty acids (the end-product of microbial fermentation) are the only source of energy source for herbivores with a cecum. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

16.\u00a0\u00a0 A reasonable range of crude protein values (percent) for graminoids (grasses) might be (a) 0 to 4 (b) 45 to 70 (c) 3 to 25<\/span><\/span> (d) 16 to 42<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

17.\u00a0\u00a0 If no other data were available, 2 percent of body weight would be a reasonable estimate of the daily dry matter intake of a free grazing animal, ruminant or non-ruminant. (a) true<\/span> (b) true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

18.\u00a0\u00a0 Ruminants have a selective delay mechanism that limits the amount of feed they can eat in one day. A ewe supporting 2 lambs would eat more dry matter per day than one supporting 1 lamb. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

19.\u00a0\u00a0 Cellulose and hemi-cellulose cannot be broken down by enzymes. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical chemical extraction that represent the total fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

20.\u00a0\u00a0 Browse is typically higher in crude protein at the end of the growing season than grass. Browse is typically higher in phosphorus and Carotene at the end of the growing season than grass. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

21.\u00a0\u00a0 Proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

22.\u00a0\u00a0 Ruminants require a balance of amino acids in the diet. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

23.\u00a0\u00a0 The empirical chemical fraction named crude fiber is part of the (a) Proximate Analysis.<\/span> (b) Van Soest Analysis<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

24.\u00a0\u00a0 I completed a metabolism trial on grass hay fed to bighorn sheep. The hay was harvested at seed ripe stage of maturity. The digestion coefficient was 88%. (a) that is within the range I would expect (b) The value is comparatively low (c) the value<\/span> is comparatively high<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

25.\u00a0\u00a0 I received an analysis of a sample of forage collected vis a vis an esophageally cannulated cow. The NDF was 63%. (a) that is within the range I would expect<\/span> (b) The value is comparatively low (c) the value is comparatively high<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

26.\u00a0\u00a0 Crude fiber can be used by ruminants as a source of energy. It is nearly completely digested in the rumen. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

27.\u00a0\u00a0 The content of fiber in grasses declines rapidly with plant or tiller maturity. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

28.\u00a0\u00a0 The content of crude protein in grasses declines rapidly with plant or tiller maturity. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

29.\u00a0\u00a0 The nutritional requirements of animals in relation to different growth or production stages are (a) growing< mature (b) growing > mature (c) producing > maintenance<\/span> (d) producing < maintenance<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

30.\u00a0\u00a0 Percentage crude protein is percentage crude fiber x 6.25. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

It is N x 6.25<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>\n


\n31.\u00a0\u00a0 Plot the relationship between grazing pressure (AUD\/lb) [the independent variable] and average daily gain [the dependent variable].
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IX.\u00a0\u00a0 We’ve talked about 3 environmental<\/u> factors<\/u> that managers can manipulate<\/u> to direct succession. List them.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

34.\u00a0\u00a0 manage soil nutrients<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

35.\u00a0\u00a0 manage individual species performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

36.\u00a0\u00a0 manage colonization<\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

XX. For purposes of monitoring grazing impact on animal performance, I have suggested 5 important variables a manager might consider. Mark the risk of an animal NOT being able to find high quality nutrients.
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nrisk<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37.<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nLivestock concentration index high (>8)<\/span><\/b><\/span>vs low (<3)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nhigh<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38.<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nLength of graze period short vs long<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nhigh\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39.<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nStanding crop of forage is little vs lots<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nhigh<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40.<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nStocking changes from normal to greater than normal<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nhigh<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

41.\u00a0\u00a0 Given a cow-calf operation. Income is derived from sale of calves. Is it possible to stock at a rate that maximizes individual animal performance and net return? (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

42.\u00a0\u00a0 Rest means no grazing during a calendar year. (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

43.\u00a0\u00a0 Remember the ecosystem rules? Negative feedbacks (a) are system organizers<\/span> (b) allow transition to a different state.<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

44.\u00a0\u00a0 Supplemental N in a system tends to encourage late seral splants. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

XX. The challenge of the grazer is to find enough plant tissue with nutrient concentration greater than the animal’s requirement to mix with plant tissue with nutrient concentration less than the animal’s requirement such that the animal meets its requirement. Which of the following would be the worse-case scenario in regard to individual animal response? This is a multiple-pasture, 1 herd SDG plan (i.e., peak standing crop 500 lb\/acre; stocked at 6 acres\/AUM; 120 day grazing season)
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

(45) <25% of nutrients above animal requirement, livestock concentration index high (LCI > 10), days graze = 9 (long)<\/span><\/b>() > 80% of nutrients above animal requirement, livestock concentration index low (LCI = 3), days graze = 5 (moderate)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

() >80% of nutrients above requirements, livestock concentration index high (LCI = 18), days graze =3 (short)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

48.\u00a0\u00a0 Lignin is that chemical fraction of a food considered to be completely indigestible. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

49.\u00a0\u00a0 Cellulose and hemi-cellulose can be broken down by enzymes. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical chemical extraction that represent the total fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

50.\u00a0\u00a0 Crude fiber is a common source of energy for all mammals. Amino acids represent nutritional entities of a plant. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

51.\u00a0\u00a0 TDN [Total Digestible nutrients] is an estimate of the available energy content of a food. The procedure to determine TDN is basically a acid-base hydrolysis. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

52.\u00a0\u00a0 Microbes secrete extra cellular enzymes to break down cellulose and\/or hemi-cellulose. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical extraction that represent the fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

53.\u00a0\u00a0 Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

54.\u00a0\u00a0 Ruminant animals do not have a dietary<\/u> need for fat or water soluble vitamins [exceptions include Carotene (Vitamin A), because it cannot be stored for extended periods of time; and D, if animals not exposed to sunlight]. Ruminant animals do not have a need for trace minerals. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

55.\u00a0\u00a0 Leaves of nearly all forages have higher crude protein, phosphorus and cell contents and lower fiber and lignin levels than those of stems. (a) true<\/span> (b) false
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

How well do animals with different digestive tracts utilize the following compounds\/nutrients? Write “C” for complete or nearly complete, write “V” for variable and write “N” for not at all or nearly so
\n<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/p>\n

Compound\/Nutrient<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n

Kind of digestive tract<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Simple gutted<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nRuminant<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nCecal Digester<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hemi-cellulose<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cellulose<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cell contents<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Amino acids<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cell wall constituents<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Simple sugars<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Starches<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lignin<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acid detergent fiber<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Neutral detergent fiber<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nN<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nV<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pentoses (5-carbon sugars)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Do these values sound reasonable for grass tissue (write yes or n<\/span><\/b><\/span>o)?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nitrogen\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NO<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 crude protein\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 crude fiber\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES<\/span><\/span>
\n24%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 cellulose\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 66%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cell Contents\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NO<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 crude protein\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES<\/span><\/span>
\n2.00%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nitrogen\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lignin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 67%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NDF\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES<\/span><\/span>
\n15%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 lignin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32%\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ADF\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES<\/span><\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

RS300 Quiz 11-12-99 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All ruminants have a selective delay mechanism that limits the amount of feed they can eat in one day. That means a \u00a0 sheep’s total voluntary intake varies little throughout the year (a) true-true (b) false-false… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":117,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-116","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":117,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116\/revisions\/117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}