{"id":69,"date":"2017-04-12T18:06:36","date_gmt":"2017-04-12T18:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/?page_id=69"},"modified":"2017-04-12T18:06:36","modified_gmt":"2017-04-12T18:06:36","slug":"exam-feedback","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/exam-feedback\/","title":{"rendered":"Exam Feedback"},"content":{"rendered":"

RS300
\nUNITEXAM001
\n09-17-99<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Multiple answers are possible<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

You must mark all questions: grade based on those with “a” designation.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1a. I was browsing a textbook the other day and ran across the statement: “grazers in the serengetti and similar places with high animal densities remove vertually 100% of the above ground net primary production.” (a) sounds reasonable (b) impossible<\/span>.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2a. Give the Rittenhouse definition of a problem.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Deviation from a standard or mean<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3c. Rittenhouse’s primary teaching goal is (a) provide student with an understanding of rangeland ecosystem structure and function (b) discuss the merits of different methods of rangeland restoration (c) help students establish a manner of thinking that serves as a life-long learning model for conservation and<\/span> management of rangeland values and uses<\/span> (d) provide experience in evaluation of the science (d) develop a repertoire of generalizations applicable to rangeland management.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4a. Natural resource managers develop strategies to deal with environmental, political, economic and cultural uncertainties (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

5a. Historically the word rangeland derived from its use, similar to cropland, forestland, wasteland, etc. (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6a. One important function of rangelands is a source of municipal and recreational waters. (a) true (b) true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

7a. The goal of a public-agency manager should be to transform my value system (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

8a. The goal of a public-agency manager should be to find a way to deal with biological and human diversity (a) true <\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

9c. The “science” in the College of Natural Sciences is fundamentally different than the “science” in the College of Natural Resources. (a) true (b) false (c) not sure<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10a. In order to address a problem, the goal is always to find cause. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sometimes the best we can do within time and resource constraints is find a solution<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11a. Livestock grazing is a renewable resource. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Livestock grazing is a use<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12a. Recreation is a renewable resource. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recreation is a use<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

13c. As a stakeholders in an issue you represent a set of values. My job as a manager is to convince you to adopt my value and belief set. (a) true (b) false (c) not sure<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

14a. Give 2 examples of elements of the system; describe the attributes of each.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. Sand mass per unit volume<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. Prairie sandreed, a grass mass per m2<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

15a. I have decided to generate wealth from my private land by offering guided hunting. I have made a: (a) strategic decision<\/span>(b) tactical decision (c) operational decision<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

16a. I decided to apply the herbicide in the evening vs morning. I have made a: (a) strategic decision (b) tactical decision (c) operational decision<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

17a. I decided to use a 4-pasture, 3 herd system vs continuous, season long grazing. I have made a: (a) strategic decision (b) tactical decision <\/span>(c) operational decision<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

18a. I decided to feed protein supplement 2 times a weeks vs every day. I have made a: (a) strategic decision (b) tactical decision<\/span> (c) operational decision<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

19a. I monitored a cheatgrass\/sagebrush system in southwest Idaho between 1948 and 1999. The herbaceous layer of the stand was dominated by cheatgrass in 1948 and remains dominated by cheatgrass in 1999. In fact, there is probably less sagebrush now than 1948 and it’s probably lower in stature. I don’t see a problem. Do you? (a) yes. (b) no. (c) no way to know. (d) insufficient information to define the problem.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

20a. The problem in 19a above could have been fire frequency. (a) true(b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fire might have been a cause<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

21a. If a system’s structure is the same now as in the past, you could say there is no problem. (a) yes (b) no.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This tricky. The system may have very different structure now than some time in the past. We don’t know because of no records or lack of<\/span> institutional memory.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

22a. Management is a goal. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 management is a process<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

23a. Decision making in natural resources is always open-ended. (a) true<\/span> (b) false [parenthetically, if systems are open-ended and things are always changing, how
\nlong should you let the system run before intervening in order to maintain a desired trajectory? How do you know when to intervene again?]<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

24a. In temperate climates shrubs are at an advantage when precipitation occurs at a time when temperatures are favorable for growth. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

25a. The coincidence of precipitation (400 mm) and temperature suitable for growth is high and soils are very fine sandy loam, which plants are favored? (a) shrubs
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (b) grasses<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

26a. Which has the highest water availability? (a) sandy loam soil<\/span> (b) clay loam soil<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

27a. Conifers are generally more drought tolerant than deciduous trees(a) true <\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

28a. Pan evaporation always exceeds annual precipitation (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Think about a cold climate with a very short growing season<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

29a. If coincidence of precipitation and temperature is low and soils are moderately coarse would you expect to find (a) grasses (b) shrubs<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

30a. You are in tropical temperature zone, the potential evapo-transpiration ratio is32, annual precipitation is between 125 and 250 mm. you are probably looking
\nat (a) desert (b) desert shrub <\/span>(c) thorn woodland (d) rain forest<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

31a. The climate is semi-arid. Precipitation ranges between 200 and 350 mm, with an average of 300 mm. Fifty to 60 % of the precipitation comes in the late fall,
\nwinter and spring. Summers are quite dry. I would never expect to see trees in this area. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

32a. I’m looking at a record of precipitation. Temperate zone. The annual precipitation is 1125 mm. Precipitation is about 3 to 4 inches per month from January
\nthrough August, and about 2.5 to 3 inches per month from September through December. One would expect the dominate vegetation to be (a) grasses
\n(b) shrubs (c) trees<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

33a. 1125 mm is how many inches? 44.3 inches<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

34a. An attribute of vegetation is cover (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

35a. An attribute of vegetation is mass (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

36a. Many rangeland ecosystems historically were converted to cropland ecosystems. These lands can never again be classified as rangelands. (a) true-true
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (b) true-false<\/span> (c) false-true (d) false-false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

37c. Is it acceptable to mix politics and science? (a) I think it’s okay; it depends on the situation (b) never (c) not comfortable responding to this question<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

38c. Is it acceptable to do research designed to solve a specific agricultural production problem? (a) yes (b) never, science should be for the good of all (c) not<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 comfortable responding to this question<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

39c. Should all research contribute to science? (a) yes, especially if it is funded from public money (b) no, understanding an empirical relationship<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 between elements or attributes could be needed to address a specific issue (c) not comfortable responding to this question<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

40c. I am more motivated to learn about management of rangelands now than when I started this class. (a) strongly agree (b) agree (c) disagree<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

41c. Which best describes your value\/belief system? (a) anthropocentrism (b) eco-centrism (c) techno-centrism (d) theo-centrism (e) econo-centrism<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

42c. How many generations are you removed from someone in your direct lineage that had to depend on the land for most of their sustenance, i.e., food, fiber and
\ndisposable income?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ________ generations [for example, if you depend on the land write 0, if your parents depend on the land for most of their needs write 1, if your
\ngrandparents mostly depended on the land write 2, etc]<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

43a. Deer are (a) decomposers (b) primary consumers<\/span>(c) omnivores (d) secondary producers<\/span>(e) carnivores (f) herbivores<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

44a. The amount of carbon or energy stored at the 3rd<\/sup> trophic level is about 80 % of that found at the 2st<\/sup> trophic level. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

45a. Nuked<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

46a. Digestibility is the percentage of ingested feed absorbed from the gut. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

47a. The digestion coefficient has no units, i.e., it is a decimal fraction.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

48a Given a rangeland that produces about 1000 lb of edible forage per acre. The rangeland is a bounded area of 10000 acres. My research team sampled
\npopulations of all the heterotrophs we could find and estimated their weight. My numbers show 5,000,000 pounds of heterotroph biomass on the 10000
\nacres. (a) probably about right; at least possible. (b) not a chance; go look again.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

49a. Rangeland plants have many mechanisms to cope with defoliation (examples of defoliation include fire and herbivory) (a) true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

50a. I am at Springfield, located in the far southeast corner of Colorado. Precipitation is about 380 mm. Peak Standing crop in late July (ungrazed) is about (a) 35
\nlb\/acre (b) 300 lb\/acre (c) 800 lb\/acre<\/span> (d) 5000 lb\/acre<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

51a Grass cannot grow in areas with less than about 15 inches annual precipitation. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

52c. The more fundamental conception is…the whole system (in the sense of physics), including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole complex of
\nphysical factors forming what we call the environment…the habitat factors in the widest sense…Our natural human prejudices force us to consider the
\norganisms…as the most important parts of these systems, but certainly the inorganic “factors” are also parts,…and there is constant interchange of the most
\nvarious kinds within each system, not only between the organisms but between the organic and inorganic. These ecosystems, as we call them, are of the most
\nvarious kinds and sizes. (a) Rittenhouse et al, 1999 (b) Tansley 1935) <\/span>(c) Zigler, in press<\/i>)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n


\nRS300
\nUNITEXAM
\n10-15-99
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

I have prepared a supplemental sheet to accompany the test. You have seen it before (well, slightly altered).<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The 1,981,488 lb of palatable forage represents the peak standing crop of edible forage in this pasture. (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The FAF (forage acre factor) for the Loamy Plains range site in the Round Butte Pasture is (must include correct units of expression):<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 640 Ac \u00f7 248 AUM = 2.74 Ac\/AUM<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stay with this same line (Loamy Plains – Round Butte pasture). How many 1000 lb, non-lactating cows could that location support for 6 months?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 248 AUM\/6 mo = 41<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pastures have different carrying capacities because they are different sizes and have different mixes of range sites. Suggest below how many days animals might
\nstay in each pasture on the first rotation to attain an average 40 rest period
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Pasture<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nDays stay in each pasture<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Round Butte<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n12<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Windmill<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n10<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Spring Unit<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n8<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antelope<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n7<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Upper Middle Lewis<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n6<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lower Middle Lewis<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n6<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the average stocking rate in the Antelope pasture expressed as AUM per acre?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 377 AUM\/1062 Ac = .36 AUM\/Ac<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the average stocking rate in the Spring Unit pasture expressed as acre per AUM?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 992 acres\/424 AUM = 2.34 Ac\/AUM<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which has the highest relative carrying capacity (not absolute)? (a) Antelope pasture? (b) Spring Unit pasture<\/span>? [the estimated absolute carrying capacity of
\nthe Antelope pasture is 377 AUM; the Spring Unit pasture is 424 AUM]<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Consider this management area. What is a reasonable range of stocking rates expressed as acres per AUM (late seral conditions)? (a) 0.3 to 0.6 (b) 1.2 to 7<\/span>
\n(c) 25 to 45 (d) 14 To 24<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The AUE in this scenario was 1.5. That means (a) average dry matter demand was 1170 lb\/month <\/span>(b) cows weigh 1500 pounds (c) calves weigh 1500 lb
\n(d) cows could weigh less than 1000 lb (e) cows could weigh more than 1000 lb<\/span> (f) cows could weigh more than 1500 lb<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0 Refer again to the Meadow Springs scenario. Total AUM in this management unit was 2540. That could represent (a) 1411 cows and calves (AUE = 1.8)<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for 1 month (b) 635 cows (AUE =1) for 4 months (c) 282 cows and calves (AUE = 1.5) for 6 months.<\/span> (d) 55 elephants (AUE = 11.5) for 2 mo
\n[assuming the habitat was suitable] (e) none of the above<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0\u00a0 Distinctions among range sites include: (a) difference in the kinds of plants that compose a late seral plant community (b) differences in the<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 proportion of plants that compose a late seral community (c) difference in the total annual yield of late seral plant communities<\/span> (d) none of the
\nabove<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0 Start with an unfenced parcel of land. Your planning team decides the best way to meet a goal related to some value is to graze each area (equal size in this
\ninstance) for 6 days and rest each area 42 days. How many pastures would fit that scenario, on average?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 8 pastures = [42 + 6] \u00f7 6<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

13.\u00a0\u00a0 Write in your own words a definition of harvest efficiency:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 HE is consumed or ingested \u00f7 available<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XX.
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Given: A rangeland in SW Kansas, a southern mixed grass prairie in an area of about 18 inches of precipitation, produces a peak standing crop of desirable plants for cattle of about 1950 lb per acre. The area is 6 sections or 3,840 acres. Ingestion or consumption per day (per cow) was estimated from the formula [I call this the Rittenhouse quick and dirty method]: [(Fecal output x physiological demand compared to maintenance) divided by the indigestion coefficient; or, {(1200 lb x .0105) x (1.20)}\/(1-.60) = 37.8 or 40 lbs forage intake\/day.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

14.\u00a0\u00a0 Use the 40 pound\/day number. What is the AUE of a cow-calf pair when calf gets most of nutrients from milk? [later on, the AUE would be adjusted because
\nthe cow would give less milk, but the calf would be consuming more forage]<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 40 lb\/day\/26 lb\/day = 1.54 = AUE<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

15.\u00a0\u00a0 So, this area produces about 7,488,000 total lbs of forage. Topography is undulating. The area is well-watered. Most of the plants are palatable (90%). A
\nharvest efficiency of .25 is reasonable, season-long. Animals are here only 150 days. Give me first-best-estimate of supply, expressed as total AUMs?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2160 AUM<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

16.\u00a0\u00a0 How many AU could graze this area for the 150 days?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 280 AU<\/span> [remember this handy formula: AUM = (AU)(AUE)(M)]<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2160 AUM = (AU)(1.54)(5 mo)<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AU = 280<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

17.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the digestibility of this diet?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 60 percent<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

18.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Write in your own words a definition of utilization:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Utilization is the amount of forage dry matter that disappeared compared to a caged or season’s growth. When divided by the dry<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 matter represented by a season’s growth, the expression is percentage utilization.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XX. What are the 3 criteria we used to distinguish among range sites?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

19.\u00a0\u00a0 Kinds of plants that compose a mature plant community<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

20.\u00a0\u00a0 Proportion of plants that compose a mature plant community<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

21.\u00a0\u00a0 Differences in yield or productivity of a mature plant community<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

22.\u00a0\u00a0 Stocking rate has units of:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AUM\/Area or Area\/AUM<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

23.\u00a0\u00a0 Carrying capacity has units of:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Same as 22 above<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

24.\u00a0\u00a0 Heady and Child define an AUM, after the Society for Range Management, as 12 kg\/d (26 lb\/d dry matter) or 780 lb dry matter per month. (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

25.\u00a0\u00a0 Give the definition of an AUE:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AUE is a ratio of amount ingested compared to standard demand of 26 lb\/day, because of differences in weight<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 or physiological demand.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

26.\u00a0\u00a0 From the demand side:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AUM = (AU)(AUE)(M).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If a herd\/flock\/whatever is made up of several age
\nclasses, sizes or reproductive status, each
\nis considered separately then summed to give a total
\nAUM demand.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the supply side:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AUM =\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [(forage production) x (area) x (allowable use or HE)\/(standard
\nanimal demand, per mo). [std demand mo = 780 lb]<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R = (DG)(P – 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 where R is rest; DG is days graze in each pasture; P is
\nnumber of pastures.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Question 26 requires no response<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

27.\u00a0\u00a0 That’s enough.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n

RS300
\nUNITEXAM003
\n10-20-99<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

01. Rhizomes and stolons are often found on the same plant. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

02. Perennial grass reproduce only by seeds. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

03. Grasses typically have hollow, jointed stems with leaves on 2 sides of the stem. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XX The phytomer is the basic unit of the grass plant.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

04. the phytomer is always a short shoot. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

05. the phytomer has no intercalary or axilary meristems. (a) true(b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

06. the leaf is a part of the phytomer. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

07. the sheath and the blade make up the leaf. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

08. only long shoots have internodes. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

09. A grass tiller is classified as a long shoot if phytomers elongate.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10. A long shoot dies within the same season it is defoliated. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11. A grass plant might be made up of hundreds of phytomers.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12. Saturday (10-16), I was out near Sterling, CO, with a group of students. The area was fine sand. Needleandthread (yes, it is all one word) was common.
\nNeedleandthread is a C3<\/sub> grass. A high percentage of the tillers remain short shoots in a given year. For this question, leaves are about 10 cm. A saw where a cow
\nhad eaten about 70% of one plant. Respond to this statement: apical dominance was removed. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Most of growing points are near the ground and out of reach of the grazer.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

13. Same scenario as 12 above. Respond to this statement: the plant died. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

14. Same scenario as 12 above. Respond to this statement: most of the tillers will die this season. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 No, most short shoots will survive till next season, but seldom more than a couple of years.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

15. Same scenario as 12 above. Some tillers had become long shoots late last spring. A cow ate most of the long shoot, just before the seed emerged from the boot.
\n[recall we talked about the boot stage of phenological development; the boot is the leaf-like tissue that surrounds the inflorescence before it emerges]. (a) the tiller<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 died<\/span> (b) adjacent tillers died (c) rate of root growth was accelerated<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

16. A panicle is a branched fibrous root system. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

17. Root growth typically is reduced or stopped within hours to days of a defoliation event, but is species dependent. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

18. When the growing point of a grass is grazed, the (a) oldest<\/u>(b) youngest<\/u><\/span> parts of plant are removed.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

19. The (a) oldest<\/u> (b) youngest<\/u><\/span> leaves and stems are photosynthetically more efficient<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

20. Boy, did I make mess of things?!? After I went back to my office on Monday, got to thinking about the stress and strain thing. What did I say? I can’t remember.
\nTwo brain cells go south and I’m in trouble. What I meant to say is this, “plant stress is an external factor applied to the plant, i.e., heat, cold, nutrients, drought,
\ndefoliation, etc. No response required.”<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

21. Plant strain is the response to applied stress, for example, Photosynthesis, growth rate, death rate, seed production, etc. Stress = the test; Strain = the stomach ache.
\nNo response required.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

22. Light is often growth-limiting to grasses on semi-arid rangelands. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

23. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis is highest for: (a) C3 <\/sub>(b) C4<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

24. Which grass extracts more water at high temperatures? (a) C3 <\/sub>(b) C4<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

25. When nutrients, like nitrogen, are limiting, individual plant growth rates may be depressed, but the system may be more stable. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

26. Respiration is often inversely related to photosysthesis, i.e., as Ps goes down, Rs goes up. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

27. In a temperate climate with distinct growing and dormant seasons, plants are in negative carbon balance for extended periods of time. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

28. Nuked. Andrea didn’t like this question. I don’t want to renumber.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

29. Prairie sandreed is a C4 grass typically found on sandy soils. Plants have large rhizomes. When apical dominance in a grass is removed, because the inflorescence
\nis mature, a new rhizome begins growth.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

30. Refer to 29 above. In a temperate climate like Colorado or central Nebraska, new rhizomes probably appear about June 15. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

31. When apical dominance in a grass is removed by biting, a new tiller is initiated. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

32. Biting almost always removes apical dominance in a grass at the 4-leaf stage of growth. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

33. C3<\/sub> plants usually grow better under warm and dry conditions. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

34. Plants that exhibit a “U” shaped carbohydrate depletion and replenishment cycle usually die if grazed during the growing season. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

35. Plants with a “V” shaped CHO depletion and replenishment cycle are least vulnerable to defoliation during the dormant period. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

36. Which compounds are examples of carbohydrates? (a) sucrose<\/span> (b) linoleic acid (c) amylose <\/span>(d) alanine (e) acetic acid<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

37. Grazing can be heavier if opportunity for regrowth and environmental conditions are conducive to regrowth following grazing. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

38. Litter buildup in nongrazed areas is beneficial to tillering. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

39. Litter buildup is detrimental to system stability. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

40. You want to bio-engineer a plant community north of Fort Collins to another plant composition. One of the plants, buffalograss, is found in much greater abundance
\nthan desired; western wheatgrass in lower abundance. Should I first develop management strategies to deal with (1) buffalograss or (b) western wheatgrass<\/span>?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

41. Once again refer to my experience last Saturday with the students near Sterling, CO. One of the areas we visited had few saltbush or winterfat plants, but only a
\nfew yards away on the other side of the fence, saltbush was common. (a) fences are detrimental to saltbush and winterfat. (b) the area with few to no saltbush<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plants may have been historically grazed in the summer. <\/span>(c) to mange for greater saltbush composition, I should remove the fence. (d) to manage for saltbush
\nI should remove all grazing on both areas(e) to manage for saltbush I should encourage spread of seed (but how? what is the biology?) and plan to<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 incorporate rest periods between graze periods.<\/span> (f) rest periods should be less than 30 days to insure more uniform utilization<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

42. You have been called to the front of the class to describe the tillering response of a cool-season grass following removal of the apical meristem. For example, you
\nwould defend the argument that the tiller will survive into the next growing season? (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

43. Situation. You have been invited to give a presentation to the Loveland Garden Club. You are well into your presentation, when someone asks if the buffalograss (a
\nstoloniferous, C4<\/sub>) in their pasture needs to set seed in order to fill the bare patches. (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

44. Response of an individual plant to herbivory under natural conditions depends on frequency, intensity and timing of defoliation in relation to phenological
\ndevelopment, associated plants, individual species’ characteristics (morphogenesis) and opportunity to compensate for herbivory (environment). Dr Woodmansee
\nwants you to elaborate on the grazing response index in his basic ecology class. You volunteer to help him lead the discussion. (a) You tell the class, “intensity of
\ndefoliation is the most important factor determining future growth and production of the plant.” (b) You tell the class, “grasses grazed in the spring will die.” (c) You<\/span><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 tell the class, “if plants have most of the growing season to recover, they will do `just fine’.”<\/span>(d) you tell the class, “defoliation by bison has less negative
\nimpact on the plant than sheep.”<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

45. In temperate zones like Colorado (native\/natural rangeland), 25 days opportunity to regrow following defoliation in late spring is probably adequate, even if more than
\n50% of the leaf was removed. (a) almost certainly(b) probably not<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

46. An understanding of the mechanisms that allow a plant, monocot or dicot, to withstand the effects of defoliation is fundamental to the professional rangeland
\nmanager. (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

47. Short shoots (graminoids) are represented by phytomers with elongated internodes. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

48. Plants that exhibit a “U-shaped” carbohydrate depletion\/replenishment cycle are vulnerable to herbivory during the active growing period, i.e., they recover more
\nslowly than if defoliated during a dormant period.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

49. Root growth typically occurs much earlier in the growing season than top growth. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

50. The stem is the basic unit of the grass tiller. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

51. Forbs have solid stems. Many have showy flowers, but not all. Generally have broad leaves. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

52. C4 compared to C3 grasses generally have more fiber and cell walls are thicker. (a) yes <\/span>(b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

53. C4 compared to C3 grasses generally contain less nitrogen (especially tall species at maturity) (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

54. CHO content of C4 compared to C3 grasses are generally simple sugars. (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

55. C4 compared to C3 grasses generally have greater tolerance for high temperatures (optimal photosynthesis occurs at higher temperatures) and they draw water at
\nhigher tension (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

56. Generally, the way you tell a shrub from a tree is shrubs have multiple stems. (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

57. That’s enough<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n

RS300
\nUNITEXAM004
\n11-19-99<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plants that occupy areas following drastic disturbance often are opportunistic; they establish and survive under conditions of
\nexcess free nitrogen.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Organic material that moves through the decomposer vs grazer pathway turns over at a slower rate. More soil N is made
\navailable to growing plants. (a) true-true (b) true-false<\/span> (c) false-true (d) false-false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In late seral stages more energy is transferred through the decomposer than the grazer pathway. (a) true <\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disturbance closes mineral cycles. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disturbance is a natural and important process in ecosystem dynamics. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mineral cycles are said to be closed when biogeochemical cycles are “tightened,” i.e., the system entraps and holds nutrients
\nfor cycling within the system.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mature ecosystems exhibit (a) good<\/span> (b) poor nutrient conservation.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mineral cycles are said to be open when biogeochemical cycles are “leaky,” i.e., nutrients are lost from the system either
\nthrough leaching, volatilization, overland flow, etc., or uptake by N-opportunistic plants. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nitrogen cycling and uptake in grazed plants is(a) more<\/span> (b) less than ungrazed plants.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An alternate model of vegetation dynamics, the state-and-transition model, allows for more than one possible “steady state”
\ncondition. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Surface soils (0 to 30 cm) in grazed areas almost always have a (a) higher (b) lower<\/span> C\/N ratio than ungrazed areas<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Free soil nitrogen is usually (a) higher<\/span> (b) lower in grazed than ungrazed areas.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

13.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Colonization is (a) nudation (b) migration<\/span> (c) ecesis (d) competition (e) reaction<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

14.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disturbance with organism (vegetation) removal is (a) nudation <\/span>(b) migration (c) ecesis (d) competition (e) reaction<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

15.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An area (north-central Utah) is dominated by big sagebrush (20% canopy cover). A rich complex of perennial herbaceous
\nplants is present. (a) This area was probably never grazed in the spring (b) Few changes would be expected in the next<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 decade if the area is always grazed after seed-ripe of the dominant grasses, i.e., bluebunch wheatgrass and idaho<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 fescue.<\/span> (c) Assume a fire. Most of the perennial herbaceous vegetation died. (d) After removal of big sagebrush by fire<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and removal of cattle grazing, some cheatgrass could colonize the area and persist for several years.<\/span>
\n(e) Perennial herbaceous production would decline following removal of big sagebrush with a spring application of 2 lbs of
\n2,4-D per acre.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

16.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Colonization refers to plant recruitment into a gap (an open space) by means of seed or vegetative reproduction. (a) true<\/span>
\n(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

17.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When organisms vie for resources it is called (a) nudation (b) migration (c) ecesis (d) competition<\/span> (e) reaction<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

18.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disturbance is a natural and important process in ecosystem dynamics and succession. All ecosystems are continuously
\nrecovering from some kind of disturbance on different spatial and temporal scales. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) true-false (c) false-true
\n(d) false-false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

19.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fire can be (a) a disturbance. (b) a facilitator of colonization. (c) a vector determining species performance.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

20.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 One of the important effects of disturbance is release of nutrients, i.e., opening of mineral cycles. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

21.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Noxious weeds like leafy spurge and Russian knapweed are threats to diversity on rangelands. (a) true<\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

22.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Management of natural resources is adaptive, that is, it allows the decision maker the possibility of gathering information as
\nthe successional horizon (time) unfolds. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

23.\u00a0\u00a0 The situation is all plants killed in many small areas (m2<\/sup> to 10s of m2<\/sup>) after being invaded by June bug larvae. The situation
\nis shortgrass steppe east of Fort Collins, CO. (a) The following year, free nitrogen in the soil is probably high<\/span>
\n(b) within the next 2 years late seral plants dominate these patches. (c) N-fertilization would encourage colonization by late
\nseral plants.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

24.\u00a0\u00a0 I go to an area. The area is dominated by plants that are characteristically known be efficient users of N. I am probably
\nlooking at a system in (a) early (b) mid to late<\/span> seral stage.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

25.\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitation is (a) early successional species establish, initial colonists modify the environment so that late-seral species
\ncannot establish and then late seral species establish only when early seral species die (b) early seral species establish,<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 initial colonists modify the environment so it is more conducive to late seral species, and late seral species<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 invade and establish dominance<\/span> (c) early and late seral species establish, early seral species modify the environment to
\nexclude other species, and late seral species tolerate the competition and assume dominance.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

26.\u00a0\u00a0 Inhibition is (a) early successional species establish, initial colonists modify the environment so that late-seral<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 species cannot establish and then late seral species establish only when early seral species die<\/span> (b) early seral
\nspecies establish, initial colonists modify the environment so it is more conducive to late seral species, and late seral species
\ninvade and establish dominance (c) early and late seral species establish, early seral species modify the environment to
\nexclude other species, and late seral species tolerate the competition and assume dominance.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

27.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Species performance can be altered by selective grazing, i.e., manipulating both the kind of grazer and timing of a grazing
\nevent (a) true <\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

28.\u00a0\u00a0 Plants that colonize and dominate an area following drastic disturbance often have very inefficient mechanisms to conserve
\nnitrogen (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

29.\u00a0\u00a0 Once a system forms a stable state (stabilization in Clementsian terms), attributes of the system vary little among years.
\n(a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

30.\u00a0\u00a0 Generally, plants found at later seral stages are longer lived than those at earlier seral stages. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

31.\u00a0\u00a0 Tolerance is (a) early successional species establish, initial colonists modify the environment so that late-seral species cannot
\nestablish and then late seral species establish only when early seral species die (b) early seral species establish, initial
\ncolonists modify the environment so it is more conducive to late seral species, and late seral species invade and establish
\ndominance (c) early and late seral species establish, early seral species modify the environment to exclude other<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 species, and late seral species tolerate the competition and assume dominance.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

32.\u00a0\u00a0 Figure 10-2 in Heady and Child show that “added minerals” vis-a-vis fertilization would move a system toward climax.
\n“Added minerals” induce a (a) positive feedback <\/span>(b) negative feedback in the system.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 We indicated that positive feedbacks either direct a system away from climax, or can reinforce the<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 successional path.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

33.\u00a0\u00a0 Ecosystems tend to be most stable, i.e., less variable, at (a) late<\/u><\/span> (b) early seral stages<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

34.\u00a0\u00a0 Figure 10-2 in Heady and Child presents succession as an orderly process that responds positively to time and water and
\nnegatively to grazing pressure and drought (the assumption is a single steady state – climax). (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Classic Clementsian dogma<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

35.\u00a0\u00a0 Many National surveys have evaluated “range health” over the last 2 or 3 decades. Reports decried the fact 15 to 20 % of
\nthe Nation’s rangelands were in “poor” condition [early seral]. On any landscape, what percent of the vegetation should be
\nearly seral to provide for alpha, beta and gamma diversity? (a) 1 % (b) 10 % (c) 20 %<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This question has no answer. Obviously, the number would vary, depending on the temporal and spatial<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 scale of interest. This question not graded nor points lost.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

36.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In general, belowground biomass in rangelands throughout the world (a) increases (b) decreases<\/span> as environmental
\nconditions become more mesic.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XX Given the following: a grassland site in northeast Colorado (17 inches annual precipitation, loamy plains to sandy plains range sites. One hot, and very windy July day, a lightning strike started a fire. The fire moved rapidly.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

37.\u00a0\u00a0 At this point mineral cycles were (a) opened<\/u><\/span>(b) closed<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

38.\u00a0\u00a0 Most of the perennial plants will die and the area will be re-colonized with cheatgrass, an alien annual grass. (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Some cheatgrass might take advantage of the open niche, but perennial plants would not die. They are<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N-efficient and drought-tolerant-competitors.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

39.\u00a0\u00a0 Recommend cattle grazing as soon as regrowth appears to encourage tillering. (a) yes (b) not<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 This is severe, high intensity defoliation. The plants needs time to compensate for the defoliation.<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

40.\u00a0\u00a0 Xeric is a relative term that means dry (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XX Name 3 things managers control to direct succession:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

41.\u00a0\u00a0 manage soil nutrients<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

42.\u00a0\u00a0 manage species colonization<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

43.\u00a0\u00a0 manage species performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

44.\u00a0\u00a0 Reference the Arsenal scenario. Let’s say you chose the alternative of doing nothing on 1\/10 of the areas dominated by
\nannual forbs. What would be the next plant(s) to colonize the area?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hopefully, early seral perennials like sand drop seed and bottlebrush squirreltail<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

45.\u00a0\u00a0 Reference the area in question 44 above. How long will it be before the annuals<\/u> are no longer dominant? (a) 5 years?
\n(b) 25 years?<\/span> (c) 100 years? (d) 1,000 years<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 But, it could be longer; who knows<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

46.\u00a0\u00a0 Reference the area in question 44 above, but add 1500 lb\/acre of carbon in the form of table sugar. How long will it be
\nbefore the annuals are no longer dominant<\/u>? (a) 5 years?<\/span> (b) 25 years? (c) 100 years? (d) 1,000 years<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Possible, but it could be longer; depends on what is available to colonize the area<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

47.\u00a0\u00a0 Crested wheatgrass reproduces by (a) seed<\/span> (b) rhizomes (c) stolons (d) tillers<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

48.\u00a0\u00a0 Reference the area in question 44 above, but make annual applications of nitrogen fertilizer at 100 lbs per acre. How long
\nwill it be before the annuals<\/u> are no longer dominant? (a) 5 years? (b) 25 years? (c) 100 years? (d) 1,000 years<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

49.\u00a0\u00a0 Mesic is a relative term that means dry (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

50.\u00a0\u00a0 Area “A” has been excluded from grazing for 100 years. An adjacent area “B” is grazed every year under a controlled
\ngrazing system. Which supports the greatest diversity of organixms? (a) “A?” (b) “B?”<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

51.\u00a0\u00a0 Reference question 50 above. Which soil has the highest C\/N ratio, i.e., the lowest amount of free nitrogen? (a) “A?”<\/span>
\n(b) “B?”<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

52.\u00a0\u00a0 Structure and function of plant communities tend toward a stable state because of negative feedbacks (they damp-down
\nchange) in the system. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

53.\u00a0 Nutrient-limited ecosystems at (a) late seral<\/span> (b) early seral stage can withstand the greatest perturbation without causing a
\ntransition to a new state.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

54.\u00a0 Let’s follow up on the story in THE FURROW<\/i> entitled, “Farming Prairie Crops.” Kurtz goes on to say, “As a prairie matures,
\nits root mass crowds our most weeds, but it is important to control weeds the first two to three years after seeding.” What is
\nthe real reason\/mechanism weeds are “crowded” out?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N is being removed from the system and sequestered in plants and litter<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

55.\u00a0 Let’s follow up on the story in THE FURROW<\/i> entitled, “Farming Prairie Crops.” The article goes on to say, “Kurtz
\noccasionally torches prairie patches during late spring to retard the growth of invading cool-season grasses, such as smooth
\nbromegrass and bluegrass.” Which of the 3 factors for directing succession is Kurtz practicing?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 He is modifying individual species performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

56.\u00a0\u00a0 Changed my mind; 56 is enough. Have a safe Holiday. See you November 29<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\n


\nRS300
\nUNITEXAM005
\n12-15-99<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Given 3 pastures that are part of a managed system. The amount of herbage residue in each pasture at the end of the
\ngrowing season was 150 kg\/ha (pasture A), 300 kg\/ha (pasture B) and 450 kg\/ha (pasture C). Peak standing crop on
\nthis range site is about 1000 kg\/ha. The highest individual animal performance was in (a) pasture A (b) pasture B
\n(c) pasture C<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In an economic production system, a rancher would always stock at a level to insure maximum output of red meat per
\nacre. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Which has the greatest influence on stocking decisions in an economic system? (a) fixed costs (b) variable costs<\/span>
\n(c) neither – both are irrelevant<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The stocking rate (SR) that produces the greatest net return ($) will always be (a) greater than the SR that maximizes
\nofftake per ha (b) less than the SR that maximizes offtake per ha (c) greater than the SR that maximizes<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 individual animal performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 As variable costs increase, the rational manager would (a) increase<\/u> (b) decrease<\/u><\/span>stocking rate in order to maximize net
\nreturn to investment.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The primary energy source for ruminant herbivores is(are) (a) glucose (b) volatile fatty acids (c) protein (d) vitamin A<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The leaves of most forages have higher crude protein, phosphorus and cell contents and lower fiber and lignin levels than
\nthose of stems. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The intake of a ruminant is constant across seasons and life stages because they have a selective delay mechanism that
\nrestricts total voluntary intake. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tall grasses in southeast Oklahoma probably contain (a) more<\/u><\/span> (b) less<\/u> fiber in late development than the same grasses at
\nthe same developmental stage found along the foothills west of Fort Collins.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

10.\u00a0\u00a0 Cellulose is an example of a nutritive entity. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

11.\u00a0\u00a0 Deer response to grazing pressure or stocking rate is fundamentally different from Llama response to grazing pressure
\n(assume the response variable of interest is reproduction). (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

12.\u00a0\u00a0 Consider the empirical relationship between seasonal change in body condition score and stocking rate (AUMs per
\nacre).\u00a0 Each additional AUM demand, beyond a critical number, results in an incremental decline in body condition score.
\n(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

13.\u00a0\u00a0 A reasonable range of crude protein values (percent) for graminoids (grasses) might be: 3 % to 25 %<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

14.\u00a0\u00a0 If no other data were available, 2 percent of body weight would be a reasonable estimate of the daily dry matter intake of
\na free grazing animal, ruminant or non-ruminant. (a) sure, give or take a bit.<\/span> (b) No, the number is closer to 0.0105.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

15.\u00a0\u00a0 Measurements of ecosystem attributes are inherently (a) stable (b) unstable<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

16.\u00a0\u00a0 Browse is typically higher in crude protein at the end of the growing season than grass. Plants (like big sagebrush) that are
\nhigh in terpenes are typically higher in utilizable energy in the winter than grass. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span>
\n(d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

17.\u00a0\u00a0 Proteins are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

18.\u00a0\u00a0 The empirical chemical fraction named neutral detergent fiber (representing the cell wall portion of the plant) is part of the
\n(a) Proximate Analysis. (b) Van Soest Analysis<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

19.\u00a0\u00a0 I completed a metabolism trial on grass hay fed to bighorn sheep. The hay was harvested at seed ripe stage of maturity.
\nThe digestion coefficient was 58%. (a) that is within the range I would expect<\/span> (b) The value is comparatively low (c)
\nthe value is comparatively high<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

20.\u00a0\u00a0 I received an analysis of a sample of forage collected vis a vis an esophageally cannulated cow. The NDF was 63%.
\n(a) that is within the range I would expect<\/span> (b) The value is comparatively low (c) the value is comparatively high<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

21.\u00a0\u00a0 Crude fiber can be used by ruminants as a source of energy. It is nearly completely digested in the rumen. (a) true-true
\n(b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

22.\u00a0\u00a0 The content of fiber in grasses increases with tiller maturity. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

23.\u00a0\u00a0 The content of crude protein in grasses declines rapidly with tiller maturity. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

24.\u00a0\u00a0 The nutritional requirements of animals in relation to different growth or production stages are (a) growing > mature
\n(b) growing < mature (c) producing > maintenance<\/span> (d) producing < maintenance<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

25.\u00a0\u00a0 Percentage crude protein is percentage nitrogen x 6.25(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

26.\u00a0\u00a0 Plot the relationship between herbage allowance (lb\/AUD) [the independent variable] and average total voluntary intake
\n[the dependent variable]. This is a 3pt question. Correct relationship is 2 pts and correct labels on all axes is 1 pt.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

XX We’ve talked about 3 environmental<\/u> factors<\/u> that managers can manipulate<\/u> to direct succession. List them.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

27.\u00a0\u00a0 manage soil nutrients<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

28.\u00a0\u00a0 manage individual species performance<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

29.\u00a0\u00a0 manage colonization<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

XX For purposes of monitoring grazing impact on animal performance, I have suggested 5 important variables a manager might consider. Mark the risk of an animal NOT being able to find high quality nutrients.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nrisk<\/u><\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nLivestock concentration index high (>8)<\/span><\/b>vs low (<3)<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nhigh<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nLength of graze period short vs long<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nhigh\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nStanding crop of forage is little vs lots<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nhigh<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nStocking changes from normal to greater than normal<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\nhigh<\/span><\/b><\/td>\nlow<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

34.\u00a0\u00a0 Given a cow-calf operation. Income is derived from sale of calves. Is it possible to stock at a rate that maximizes
\nindividual animal performance and net return? (a) yes (b) no<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

35.\u00a0\u00a0 Rest means no grazing during a calendar year. (a) yes<\/span> (b) no<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

36.\u00a0\u00a0 Remember the ecosystem rules? Positive feedbacks (a) are system organizers (b) allow transition to a different state<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 or can be used to re-enforce a succession trajectory<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

37.\u00a0\u00a0 Supplemental N in a system tends to encourage early-seral plants to colonize the stand. These early-seral plants often
\nreplace the mid- and late-seral perennial plants (a) true-true (b) true-false<\/span> (c) false-true (d) false-false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

38.\u00a0\u00a0 The challenge of the grazer is to find enough plant tissue with nutrient concentration greater than the animal’s requirement
\nto mix with plant tissue with nutrient concentration less than the animal’s requirement such that the animal meets its
\nrequirement. Which of the following would be the worse-case scenario in regard to individual animal response? This is a
\nmultiple-pasture, 1 herd short-duration grazing plan (peak standing crop 500 lb\/acre; stocked at 6 acres\/AUM; 120 day
\ngrazing season). Select only one.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (a) < 25% of nutrients above animal requirement, livestock concentration index low (LCI > 3), days graze = 4 (short),
\navailability lots<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (b) > 80% of nutrients above animal requirement, livestock concentration index high (LCI = 15), days graze =<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9 (very long), availability little<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (c) > 80% of nutrients above requirements, livestock concentration index high (LCI = 18), days graze =3 (short),
\navailability some<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

39.\u00a0\u00a0 Lignin is that chemical fraction of a food considered to be completely indigestible. (a) true<\/span>(b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

40.\u00a0 Cellulose and hemi-cellulose can be broken down by enzymes. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC) are an empirical chemical
\nextraction that represent the total fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true<\/span>(b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

50.\u00a0 Crude fiber is a common source of energy for all mammals. Amino acids represent nutritional entities of a plant.
\n(a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false (d) false-true<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

51.\u00a0 TDN [Total Digestible nutrients] is an estimate of the available energy content of a food. The procedure to determine
\nTDN is basically a acid-base hydrolysis. (a) true-true (b) false-false (c) true-false<\/span> (d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

52.\u00a0 Microbes secrete extra cellular enzymes to break down cellulose and\/or hemi-cellulose. Cell Wall Constituents (CWC)
\nare an empirical extraction that represent the fiber content of the plant. (a) true-true<\/span> (b) false-false (c) true-false
\n(d) false-true<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

53.\u00a0 Ruminant animals do not have a dietary<\/u> need for fat or water soluble vitamins [exceptions include Carotene (Vitamin A),
\nbecause it cannot be stored for extended periods of time; and D, if animals not exposed to sunlight].(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

54.\u00a0 Leaves of nearly all forages have higher crude protein, phosphorus and cell contents and lower fiber and lignin levels than
\nthose of stems. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

55.\u00a0 Deferred usually means no grazing until grasses have set seed.(a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

56.\u00a0 Rest usually means no grazing during a calendar year. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

57.\u00a0 A rest period is a period of no grazing within a grazing schedule. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

58.\u00a0 “Stocking rate and degree of forage utilization or intensity of grazing have more influence on vegetation than the season of
\ngrazing and rotation schedule” (Heady and Child 1994). Is that consistent with what we have talked about all semester?
\nOf course not. We said season is very important because it defines the growing season and the opportunity for plants to
\ncompensate for defoliation. No response required.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

59.\u00a0 I measured the composition of plants (dry weight basis) on each range site in all pastures in the East Springs allotment. I
\nhave completed the first step in developing a good monitoring plan. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

60.\u00a0 Given the assignment of developing a conservation plan for deer winter habitat near Craig, Colorado. (a) the first step
\nwould be to remove all domestic livestock grazing. (b) Among the first steps would be establishing some standards<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for deer winter habitat<\/span> (c) The first step would be a description of ideal deer winter habitat. (d) The first step would be
\na description of plant diversity, especially gamma diversity. (e) The first step would be describing the physiological and
\nsecurity needs of the organism (f) The first step would be developing a plan to track the population over time. (g) The<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 first step would be identifying indicators of response to the environment<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

61.\u00a0 Nutritional content of all plants on an area must be above the animal’s requirement in order for the animal to meet its
\nnutritional needs. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

62.\u00a0 How is herbage allowance expressed? Lb\/AUD<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCKING RATE, ANIMAL PERFORMANCE, RISK AND ECONOMICS<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

63.\u00a0 The rational manager of a wildlife population, for example bighorn sheep, would manage population levels in such a way
\nas to optimize<\/u> reproductive rates. (a) true<\/span> (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

64.\u00a0 The rationale livestock producer would have a strategy to stock at a level that produces the maximum<\/u> output of red meat
\nper acre. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

65.\u00a0 The rationale livestock producer would have a strategy to stock at a level that results in a level of individual animal
\nperformance that approaches genetic potential. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

66.\u00a0 Note the graph above. The rationale livestock producer would have a strategy to stock at the level where the average
\ndaily gain response curve and the gain per area response curve intersect. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

67.\u00a0 As variable costs increase, the rationale manager would increase stocking rate in order to cover additional expenses.
\n(a) true (b) false<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

68.\u00a0 Ruminants have three, fore-stomachs and one true stomach. (a) true (b) false<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

69.\u00a0 I remember one time – I believe it was ’63 – southern Sioux County in NW Nebraska. Normal growing season rainfall is
\nabout 9 inches. ’63 rainfall was 2.57 inches. Soils are fine to very fine sandy loams. In 1964 the dominant aspect
\nvegetation was lambsquarter, an annual forb. (a) perennial plants failed to re-seed themselves. (b) lambsquarter is less<\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 n-efficient than the perennials blue grama, prairie sandreed, sand bluestem and needleandthread grass. <\/span>(c) if
\nyou were to visit this area in 2000, you would still see 20 to 25 percent lambsquarter in the stand, but the grasses would
\ncomprise the bulk of the composition.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

70.\u00a0 Give an example of a measure of forage quality. TDN or Crude Protein<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

71.\u00a0 Give an example(s) of an indicator(s) of forage quality leaf, green and variety among life forms<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

72.\u00a0 Give an example of a nutritional standard 13 % dietary crude protein to meet the need of a 1200 lb animal for moderate
\nlevels of lactation<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

73.\u00a0 Animals should never experience periods of under nutrition (weight or fat loss), based on nutritional standards. (a) true
\n(b) false<\/span> <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

RS300 UNITEXAM001 09-17-99 Multiple answers are possible You must mark all questions: grade based on those with “a” designation. 1a. I was browsing a textbook the other day and ran across the statement: “grazers in the serengetti and similar places… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":117,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-69","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/69","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/117"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/69\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":70,"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/69\/revisions\/70"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.warnercnr.colostate.edu\/larryr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}